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I-cellulose nanofibers (CNF) inokufumaneka kwimithombo yendalo efana nezityalo kunye nemicu yomthi.I-CNF-reinforced thermoplastic resin composites ineepropathi ezininzi, kuquka amandla abalaseleyo omatshini.Ekubeni iipropathi ze-mechanical ze-CNF-reinforced composite zichaphazeleka ngumlinganiselo wefiber eyongeziweyo, kubalulekile ukumisela ukuxinwa kwe-CNF filler kwi-matrix emva kokubunjwa kwe-injection okanye i-extrusion molding.Siqinisekise ubudlelwane obuhle bomgca phakathi koxinzelelo lwe-CNF kunye nokufunxa kwe-terahertz.Sinokubona ukungafani kwiimpawu ze-CNF kwii-1% zamanqaku kusetyenziswa i-terahertz ye-domain spectroscopy yexesha.Ukongezelela, sivavanye iimpawu zemishini ye-nanocomposites ye-CNF ngokusebenzisa ulwazi lwe-terahertz.
I-cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) ngokuqhelekileyo ingaphantsi kwe-100 nm ububanzi kwaye iphuma kwimithombo yendalo efana nesityalo kunye nemicu yomthi1,2.I-CNFs inamandla omatshini aphezulu3, ukukhanya okuphezulu kwe-optical4,5,6, indawo enkulu, kunye ne-coefficient7,8 yokwandisa i-thermal.Ke ngoko, kulindeleke ukuba zisetyenziswe njengezinto ezizinzileyo kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo, kubandakanya izinto zombane9, izixhobo zonyango10 kunye nezinto zokwakha11.Iimbumba eziqiniswe nge-UNV zikhaphukhaphu kwaye zomelele.Ngoko ke, i-CNF-reinforced composites inokunceda ukuphucula ukusebenza kwamafutha ezithuthi ngenxa yobunzima bokukhanya.
Ukufezekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu, ukuhanjiswa okufanayo kwe-CNFs kwi-hydrophobic polymer matrices njenge-polypropylene (PP) ibalulekile.Ngoko ke, kukho imfuneko yovavanyo olungonakaliyo lwee-composites eziqiniswe nge-CNF.Uvavanyo olungonakaliyo lwee-polymer composites lubikwe12,13,14,15,16.Ukongezelela, uvavanyo olungonakaliyo lwe-CNF-reinforced composites olusekelwe kwi-X-ray computed tomography (CT) luye lwabikwa kwi-17.Nangona kunjalo, kunzima ukwahlula i-CNFs ukusuka kwimatriki ngenxa yokungafani komfanekiso ophantsi.Uhlalutyo lwe-labeling ye-Fluorescent18 kunye nohlalutyo lwe-infrared19 lunikeza ukubonwa okucacileyo kwee-CNF kunye neetemplates.Nangona kunjalo, sinokufumana kuphela ulwazi oluphezulu.Ngoko ke, ezi ndlela zifuna ukusika (uvavanyo olutshabalalisayo) ukufumana ulwazi lwangaphakathi.Ke ngoko, sinikezela ngovavanyo olungonakalisi olusekwe kwitekhnoloji ye-terahertz (THz).Amaza eTerahertz ngamaza ombane anamaza asuka kwi-0.1 ukuya kwi-10 terahertz.Amaza eTerahertz ayabonakala kwimathiriyeli.Ngokukodwa, i-polymer kunye nezixhobo zokhuni ziyabonakala kumaza e-terahertz.Uvavanyo lwe-orientation ye-crystal polymers21 kunye nomlinganiselo we-deformation ye-elastomers22,23 usebenzisa indlela ye-terahertz kuye kwabikwa.Ukongeza, ukubonwa kwe-terahertz yomonakalo womthi obangelwa zizinambuzane kunye nosulelo lomngundo emthini kubonisiwe24,25.
Siphakamisa ukusebenzisa indlela yokuvavanya engonakalisiyo ukufumana iipropathi zemishini ye-CNF-yokuqiniswa kwee-composites usebenzisa iteknoloji ye-terahertz.Kule sifundo, siphanda i-terahertz ye-CNF-reinforced composite (CNF / PP) kwaye ibonise ukusetyenziswa kolwazi lwe-terahertz ukuqikelela ukuxinwa kwe-CNF.
Ekubeni iisampulu zalungiswa ngokubumba inaliti, zinokuchaphazeleka yi-polarization.Kwikhiwane.I-1 ibonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-polarization ye-wave ye-terahertz kunye nokuqhelaniswa kwesampuli.Ukuqinisekisa ukuxhomekeka kwe-polarization ye-CNFs, iimpawu zabo ezibonakalayo zilinganiswe ngokuxhomekeke kwi-vertical (Fig. 1a) kunye ne-polarization ethe tye (umzobo 1b).Ngokuqhelekileyo, ii-compatibilizers zisetyenziselwa ukusabalalisa ngokufanayo i-CNFs kwi-matrix.Nangona kunjalo, isiphumo se-compatibilizers kwimilinganiselo ye-THz ayizange ifundwe.Imilinganiselo yezothutho inzima ukuba ukufunxwa kwe-terahertz ye-compatibilizer kuphezulu.Ukongezelela, iimpawu ze-THz ze-optical index (i-refractive index kunye ne-absorption coefficient) inokuchaphazeleka ngokuxinwa kwe-compatibilizer.Ukongezelela, kukho i-polypropylene e-homopolymerized kunye ne-block polypropylene matrices kwii-composites ze-CNF.I-Homo-PP yi-polypropylene homopolymer enokuqina okugqwesileyo kunye nokumelana nobushushu.Ibhlokhi yepolypropylene, ekwabizwa ngokuba yimpembelelo ye-copolymer, inokumelana nempembelelo engcono kune-homopolymer polypropylene.Ukongeza kwi-PP ye-homopolymerized, i-block PP nayo iqulethe amacandelo e-ethylene-propylene copolymer, kunye nesigaba se-amorphous esifunyenwe kwi-copolymer sidlala indima efanayo ne-rubber kwi-shock absorption.Imbonakalo ye-terahertz ayizange ithelekiswe.Ke ngoko, siqale saqikelela i-THz spectrum ye-OP, kubandakanya ne-compatibilizer.Ukongezelela, sithelekisa i-terahertz spectra ye-homopolypropylene kunye ne-block polypropylene.
Umzobo ocwangcisiweyo womlinganiselo wothumelo lwee-composites eziqiniswe yi-CNF.(a) i-polarization ethe nkqo, (b) i-polarization ethe tye.
Iisampulu zebhloko zePP zalungiswa kusetyenziswa i-maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) njenge-compatibilizer (Umex, Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.).Kwikhiwane.I-2a,b ibonisa isalathiso se-THz esine-refractive efunyenwe kwi-polarizations ethe nkqo nethe tye, ngokulandelelanayo.Kwikhiwane.I-2c, d ibonisa i-THz i-coefficients yokufunxa efunyenwe kwi-polarizations ethe nkqo nethe tye, ngokulandelelanayo.Njengoko kubonisiwe kwifig.I-2a-2d, akukho mmahluko obalulekileyo obonwe phakathi kweempawu ze-terahertz optical (i-refractive index kunye ne-absorption coefficient) ye-polarizations ethe nkqo kunye ne-horizontal.Ukongeza, ii-compatibilizers zinempembelelo encinci kwiziphumo zokufunxa kwe-THz.
Iimpawu zamehlo zeePP ezininzi ezinogxininiso oluhambelanayo olwahlukileyo: (a) isalathiso se-refractive esifunyenwe kwicala elithe nkqo, (b) isalathiso se-refractive esifunyenwe kwicala elithe tye, (c) i-coefficient yokufunxa efunyenwe kwicala elithe nkqo, kunye (d) ne-coefficient yokufunxa efunyenweyo. kwicala elithe tye.
Emva koko silinganise ibhloko ecocekileyo-PP kunye ne-homo-PP ecocekileyo.Kwikhiwane.Amanani 3a kunye ne-3b abonisa i-THz i-indices refractive ye-PP eninzi ecocekileyo kunye ne-PP ecocekileyo ye-homogeneous, efunyenwe kwi-polarizations ethe nkqo kunye ne-horizontal, ngokulandelanayo.Isalathisi se-refractive se-block PP kunye ne-homo PP yahluke kancinane.Kwikhiwane.Amanani 3c kunye ne-3d abonisa i-THz yokufunxa i-coefficients ye-block ecocekileyo ye-PP kunye ne-homo-PP ecocekileyo efunyenwe kwi-polarizations ethe nkqo kunye ne-horizontal, ngokulandelanayo.Akukho mahluko wabonwa phakathi kwe-coefficients yokufunxa yebhloko yePP kunye ne-homo-PP.
(a) block PP refractive index, (b) homo PP refractive index, (c) block PP absorption coefficient, (d) homo PP absorption coefficient.
Ukongeza, siye savavanya ii-composites eziqiniswe nge-CNF.Kwimilinganiselo ye-THz yee-composites eziqiniswe yi-CNF, kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukusasazeka kwe-CNF kwii-composites.Ngoko ke, siqale savavanya ukusabalalisa kwe-CNF kwii-composites usebenzisa i-imaging ye-infrared ngaphambi kokulinganisa i-mechanical and terahertz optical properties.Lungiselela amacandelo anqamlezayo eesampuli usebenzisa i-microtome.Imifanekiso ye-infrared ifunyenwe kusetyenziswa inkqubo ye-imaging ye-Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) (i-Frontier-Spotlight400, isisombululo se-8 cm-1, ubukhulu be-pixel 1.56 µm, ukuqokelela amaxesha angama-2 / pixel, indawo yokulinganisa 200 × 200 µm, PerkinElmer).Ngokusekelwe kwindlela ecetywayo nguWang et al.17,26, ipixel nganye ibonisa ixabiso elifunyenwe ngokwahlula indawo ye-1050 cm-1 kwincopho ye-cellulose kwindawo ye-1380 cm-1 kwi-polypropylene.Umzobo we-4 ubonisa imifanekiso yokujonga ukuhanjiswa kwe-CNF kwi-PP ebalwa ukusuka kwi-coefficient yokuxutywa edibeneyo ye-CNF kunye ne-PP.Siye saqaphela ukuba kukho iindawo ezininzi apho ii-CNF zidibene kakhulu.Ukongeza, i-coefficient of variation (CV) ibalwe ngokufaka izihluzo eziqhelekileyo ezinobungakanani beefestile ezahlukeneyo.Kwikhiwane.U-6 ubonisa unxulumano phakathi kobungakanani befestile yesihluzi esiphakathi kunye neCV.
Ukuhanjiswa kwe-CNF emacala amabini kwi-PP, kubalwa kusetyenziswa i-coefficient yokufunxa edibeneyo ye-CNF ukuya kwi-PP: (a) Ibhloko-PP/1 wt.% CNF, (b) ibhloko-PP/5 wt.% CNF, (c) ibhloko -PP/10 wt% CNF, (d) ibhloko-PP/20 wt% CNF, (e) homo-PP/1 wt% CNF, (f) homo-PP/5 wt% CNF, (g) homo -PP /10 wt.%% CNF, (h) HomoPP/20 wt% CNF (jonga iNkcukacha eyoNgezelelweyo).
Nangona ukuthelekiswa phakathi kokugxininiswa okungafaniyo akufanelekile, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig.Kuzo zonke izigxina, ngaphandle kwe-1 wt% ye-CNF, amaxabiso eCV ayengaphantsi kwe-1.0 kunye nethambeka elithambileyo.Ngoko ke, zibhekwa njengezona zithandwa kakhulu.Ngokubanzi, amaxabiso eCV athande ukuba phezulu kubungakanani befestile encinci kwiindawo ezisezantsi.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-avareji yobungakanani befestile yokucoca kunye ne-coefficient yokusasazwa kwe-coefficient yokufunxa edibeneyo: (a) I-Block-PP/CNF, (b) i-Homo-PP/CNF.
Iipropati ze-terahertz ze-optical ze-composites eziqiniswe nge-CNFs zifunyenwe.Kwikhiwane.I-6 ibonisa iimpawu ze-optical ze-PP / CNF ezininzi ze-composites kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-CNF.Njengoko kubonisiwe kwifig.I-6a kunye ne-6b, ngokubanzi, isalathisi se-terahertz se-refractive ye-block PP kunye ne-homo-PP yanda ngokunyuka kwe-CNF concentration.Nangona kunjalo, bekunzima ukwahlula phakathi kweesampulu ezine-0 kunye ne-1 wt.% ngenxa yokudibana.Ukongeza kwisalathiso se-refractive index, siphinde saqinisekisa ukuba i-terahertz i-absorption coefficient ye-PP eninzi kunye ne-homo-PP yanda ngokunyuka kwe-CNF.Ukongezelela, sinokuhlula phakathi kweesampuli kunye ne-0 kunye ne-1 wt.% kwiziphumo ze-coefficient yokufunxa, kungakhathaliseki ukuba isalathiso se-polarization.
Iimpawu ze-Optical ze-PP/CNF ezininzi ezixubeneyo kunye nogxininiso lwe-CNF oluhlukeneyo: (a) isalathisi se-refractive se-block-PP/CNF, (b) isalathisi se-refractive se-homo-PP/CNF, (c) i-coefficient yokufunxa ibhloko-PP/CNF, ( d) i-coefficient yokufunxa i-homo-PP/UNV.
Siqinisekise ubudlelwane bomgca phakathi kokufunxa kwe-THz kunye noxinzelelo lwe-CNF.Ubudlelwane phakathi koxinaniso lwe-CNF kunye ne-THz yokulinganisa i-absorption iboniswe kwi-Fig.7.Iziphumo zebhlokhi-PP kunye ne-homo-PP zibonise ubudlelwane obuhle bomgca phakathi kwe-THz yokuxutywa kunye noxinzelelo lwe-CNF.Isizathu solu luhlu luhle singachazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.Idayamitha yefayibha ye-UNV incinci kakhulu kunoluhlu lwamaza e-terahertz.Ke ngoko, akukho kusasazeka kwamaza e-terahertz kwisampulu.Kwiisampulu ezingasasazi, ukufunxa kunye nokugxininiswa kunobudlelwane obulandelayo (umthetho weBeer-Lambert)27.
apho u-A, ε, l, kunye no-c bafunxa, ukufunxwa kwe-molar, ubude bendlela esebenzayo yokukhanya ngesampulu yematrix, kunye noxinzelelo, ngokulandelelanayo.Ukuba u-ε kunye no-l azitshintshi, ukufunxa kuhambelana noxinaniso.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-absorption kwi-THz kunye ne-CNF yoxinaniso kunye nokulungelelaniswa komgca ofunyenwe ngendlela ye-square encinci: (a) I-Block-PP (1 THz), (b) I-Block-PP (2 THz), (c) i-Homo-PP (1 THz) , (d) Homo-PP (2 THz).Umgca oqinileyo: umgca olinganayo izikwere ezilinganayo.
Iipropati zomatshini ze-PP / CNF ezidibeneyo zifunyenwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-CNF.Ukomelela kokuqina, amandla okugoba, kunye nemodyuli yokugoba, inani leisampulu laliyi-5 (N = 5).Kumandla empembelelo yeCharpy, ubungakanani besampulu yi-10 (N = 10).La maxabiso ahambelana nemigangatho yovavanyo eyonakalisayo (i-JIS: iMigangatho yoShishino lwaseJapan) yokulinganisa amandla oomatshini.Kwikhiwane.Umzobo we-8 ubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kweepropati zomatshini kunye nokugxilwa kwe-CNF, kubandakanywa namaxabiso aqikelelwayo, apho iiplani zithathwe kwi-curve yokulinganisa i-1 THz eboniswe kuMfanekiso 8. 7a, iphe.Iingqungquthela zicwangciswe ngokusekelwe kubudlelwane phakathi koxinzelelo (0% wt., 1% wt., 5% wt., 10% wt. kunye ne-20% wt.)Amanqaku okusasaza acwangciswe kwigrafu yogxininiso olubaliweyo ngokubhekiselele kwiipropati zomatshini kwi-0% wt., 1% wt., 5% wt., 10% wt.kunye ne-20% wt.
Iimpawu ze-Mechanical block-PP (umgca oqinileyo) kunye ne-homo-PP (umgca we-dashed) njengomsebenzi wokugxininiswa kwe-CNF, ukugxininiswa kwe-CNF kwibhloko-PP kuqikelelwa kwi-coefficient yokuxutywa kwe-THz efunyenwe kwi-polarization vertical (triangles), ukugxininiswa kwe-CNF kwibhloko- I-PP PP Uxinaniso lwe-CNF luqikelelwa kwi-THz yokufunxa i-coefficient efunyenwe kwi-polarization ethe tye (iisangqa), i-CNF yoxinaniso kwi-PP enxulumeneyo iqikelelwa kwi-THz yomlinganiso wokufunxa ofunyenwe kwi-polarization ethe nkqo (iidayimani), i-CNF yoxinaniso kwizinto ezinxulumeneyo. I-PP iqikelelwa kwi-THz efunyenwe kwi-polarization ethe tye Uqikelelo lwe-coefficient yokufunxa (izikwere): (a) amandla okuqina, (b) amandla okuguquguquka, (c) imodyuli eguquguqukayo, (d) amandla empembelelo ye-Charpy.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig. 8, iimpawu zomatshini we-block polypropylene composites zingcono kune-homopolymer polypropylene composites.Amandla empembelelo ye-PP block ngokwe-Charpy iyancipha ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lwe-CNF.Kwimeko ye-block PP, xa i-PP kunye ne-CNF-containing masterbatch (MB) ixutywe ukuze yenze i-composite, i-CNF yenza i-entanglements kunye neentambo ze-PP, nangona kunjalo, ezinye iintambo ze-PP ezifakwe kwi-copolymer.Ukongeza, ukusasazwa kuyacinezelwa.Ngenxa yoko, i-copolymer efunxa impembelelo ithintelwe yi-CNFs engachithwanga ngokwaneleyo, okubangelwa ukunyanzeliswa kwempembelelo.Kwimeko ye-homopolymer PP, i-CNF kunye ne-PP zihlakazwe kakuhle kwaye isakhiwo sothungelwano se-CNF sicingelwa ukuba sinoxanduva lokunciphisa.
Ukongeza, amaxabiso oxinzelelo lwe-CNF abalwayo acwangciswe kwiigophe ezibonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kweepropathi zoomatshini kunye noxinzelelo lwe-CNF.Ezi ziphumo zifunyenwe zizimeleyo kwi-terahertz polarization.Ngaloo ndlela, singakwazi ukuphanda ngokungenakonakala iipropati zemishini ye-CNF-reinforced composites, kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-terahertz polarization, isebenzisa imilinganiselo ye-terahertz.
I-CNF-reinforced thermoplastic resin composites ineepropathi ezininzi, kuquka amandla abalaseleyo omatshini.Iimpawu zemishini yee-composites ze-CNF eziqinisiweyo zichaphazelekayo ngumlinganiselo wefiber eyongezelelweyo.Siphakamisa ukusebenzisa indlela yokuvavanya okungonakalisi kusetyenziswa ulwazi lwe-terahertz ukufumana iimpawu zemishini yee-composites eziqiniswe nge-CNF.Siye saqaphela ukuba ii-compatibilizers eziqhelekileyo zongezwa kwii-composites ze-CNF azichaphazeli imilinganiselo ye-THz.Singasebenzisa i-coefficient yokufunxa kuluhlu lwe-terahertz lovavanyo olungonakaliyo lweempawu zemishini ye-CNF-reinforced composite, kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-polarization kwi-terahertz uluhlu.Ukongezelela, le ndlela iyasebenza kwi-UNV block-PP (UNV / block-PP) kunye ne-UNV homo-PP (UNV / homo-PP) i-composites.Kolu phononongo, iisampulu ze-CNF ezihlanganisiweyo ezinokusasazwa kakuhle zalungiswa.Nangona kunjalo, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zokuvelisa, ii-CNFs zinokuthi zisasazwe kakuhle kwii-composites.Ngenxa yoko, iipropathi zoomatshini ze-CNF composites ziye zawohloka ngenxa yokungasasazwa kakuhle.I-Terahertz imaging28 ingasetyenziselwa ukungonakalisi ukufumana ukuhanjiswa kwe-CNF.Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi olukwindlela enzulu lushwankathelwa kwaye luqikelelwe.I-THz tomography24 yokwakhiwa kwakhona kwe-3D yezakhiwo zangaphakathi inokuqinisekisa ukusabalalisa ubunzulu.Ngaloo ndlela, i-imaging ye-terahertz kunye ne-terahertz tomography inikezela ngolwazi olucacileyo esinokuphanda ngalo ukuthotywa kweempawu zomatshini ezibangelwa yi-CNF inhomogeneity.Kwixesha elizayo, siceba ukusebenzisa i-terahertz imaging kunye ne-terahertz tomography ye-CNF-reinforced composites.
Inkqubo yokulinganisa i-THz-TDS isekelwe kwi-laser ye-femtosecond (iqondo lokushisa kwegumbi 25 °C, umswakama 20%).I-laser beam ye-femtosecond ihlulwe ibe ngumqa wepompo kunye ne-probe beam usebenzisa i-beam splitter (BR) ukuvelisa kunye nokufumanisa amaza e-terahertz, ngokulandelelana.Umbhobho wepompo ugxile kwi-emitter (i-antenna ye-photoresistive).Umqa we-terahertz owenziweyo ugxile kwisampulu yesampulu.Isinqe somqadi we-terahertz ogxininisiweyo umalunga ne-1.5 mm (FWHM).Umqa we-terahertz ke udlula kwisampulu kwaye uhlanganiswe.Umqadi odibeneyo ufikelela kummkeli (i-antenna ye-photoconductive).Kwindlela yokulinganisa umlinganiselo we-THz-TDS, indawo yombane ye-terahertz efunyenweyo yesiginali yesalathiso kunye nesampulu yesiginali kwidomeyini yexesha iguqulelwa kwindawo yombane ye-complex frequency domain (ngokulandelelana kwe-Eref(ω) kunye ne-Esam (ω)), ngokusebenzisa inguqu ekhawulezayo yeFourier (FFT).Umsebenzi wodluliselo oluntsonkothileyo T(ω) unokubonakaliswa kusetyenziswa lenxaki ilandelayo 29
apho u-A umlinganiselo we-amplitudes yesalathiso kunye neempawu zereferensi, kwaye φ ngumahluko wesigaba phakathi kwereferensi kunye neempawu zereferensi.Emva koko isalathiso se-refractive n(ω) kunye ne-coefficient yokufunxa α(ω) ingabalwa kusetyenziswa ezi nxaki zilandelayo:
Iisethi zedatha ezenziwe kunye / okanye ezihlalutyiweyo ngexesha lophononongo lwangoku ziyafumaneka kubabhali abachaphazelekayo ngesicelo esinengqiqo.
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